Politik Akuntabilitas dalam Kebijakan Konservasi Global: Kriminalisasi Tradisi Suku Baka oleh African Parks di Odzala-Kokoua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61105/issr.v4i2.486Keywords:
African Parks, Suku Baka, INGO, Kebijakan Konservasi, Akuntabilitas Publik, Tata Kelola GlobalAbstract
The delegation of protected-area governance from the state to non-state actors such as international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) is a defining feature of global governance, raising questions of cross-border public accountability. INGOs are often framed as policy instruments that strengthen environmental protection and local welfare, yet the policies they implement can produce serious human rights violations. This study draws on frameworks of INGO role and accountability to examine how African Parks' conservation governance policy contributed to human rights violations against the Baka Tribe in Odzala-Kokoua National Park (OKNP) and why this policy has persisted. Using a qualitative explanatory approach through literature review, document analysis, and data triangulation, the findings show that African Parks' conservation law-enforcement policy criminalized Baka traditions, restricted access to ancestral territory, legitimized the use of force by park security personnel, and marginalized local communities from policy-making processes. The persistence of this policy is shaped by an accountability structure oriented more toward donors (upward accountability) than affected communities (downward accountability), reflecting a classic dilemma of who benefits when public authority is delegated to non-state actors. Resolution of the violations against the Baka remains merely procedural, without substantive corrective impact — a form of pseudo-accountability that underscores the need to reform accountability policy governing non-state actors in global conservation governance.
Pendelegasian wewenang pengelolaan kawasan konservasi dari negara kepada aktor non-negara seperti international non-governmental organization (INGO) merupakan fenomena penting dalam tata kelola global, sekaligus memunculkan persoalan akuntabilitas kebijakan publik lintas batas. INGO kerap diposisikan sebagai instrumen kebijakan yang memperkuat perlindungan lingkungan dan kesejahteraan lokal, namun dalam praktiknya kebijakan yang dijalankan justru dapat menghasilkan pelanggaran HAM. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka peran dan akuntabilitas INGO untuk menganalisis bagaimana kebijakan tata kelola konservasi African Parks berkontribusi pada pelanggaran HAM Suku Baka di Odzala-Kokoua National Park (OKNP) dan mengapa kebijakan tersebut tetap dipertahankan. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif-eksplanatif melalui studi pustaka, analisis dokumen, dan triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penegakan hukum konservasi African Parks mengkriminalisasi tradisi Suku Baka, membatasi akses wilayah leluhur, melegitimasi kekerasan aparat kawasan, dan memarginalkan masyarakat lokal dari proses kebijakan. Keberlanjutan kebijakan ini dipengaruhi oleh struktur akuntabilitas yang lebih berorientasi pada donor (upward accountability) ketimbang masyarakat terdampak (downward accountability), mencerminkan persoalan klasik siapa yang diuntungkan ketika wewenang publik didelegasikan ke aktor non-negara. Penyelesaian pelanggaran HAM terhadap Suku Baka pun hanya bersifat prosedural tanpa dampak korektif nyata — bentuk akuntabilitas semu yang menegaskan perlunya reformasi kebijakan akuntabilitas aktor non-negara dalam tata kelola konservasi global.
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