When errors are discovered in published articles, ISSR evaluates whether the mistake affects the core findings and conclusions. Corrections are categorized into two distinct types:

• Erratum (Publisher Correction): Issued when an error of consequence is introduced by the journal production, typesetting, or editorial team (e.g., mislabeled table data, corrupted layout elements, or omitted production details). The journal takes full responsibility and issues a formal erratum notice linked directly to the article.
• Corrigendum (Author Correction): Issued when an error of consequence is introduced by the author(s) (e.g., inadvertent error in statistical description, minor omission in funding acknowledgment, or incorrect author affiliation). Authors must submit a formal correction request to the editorial office with valid justification.

In severe cases where published research is fundamentally unreliable or breaches ethical standards, ISSR will retract the article following COPE Retraction Guidelines. Grounds for retraction include:

• Clear evidence of data fabrication, falsification, or severe computational/empirical manipulation.
• Plagiarism of an egregious degree, redundant publication, or copyright infringement.
• Unethical research practices or failure to secure mandatory ethical approval involving human subjects.
• Compromised peer review integrity, fraudulent authorship claims, or undisclosed severe conflicts of interest that invalidate the study's conclusions.

If the editorial board receives inconclusive evidence of research misconduct, or if an institutional investigation into a published paper is prolonged or inconclusive, ISSR may issue an Expression of Concern. This notice alerts readers that a published article is under active editorial scrutiny while investigations are underway.

To maintain absolute transparency within bibliographic and indexing databases (such as DOAJ, Crossref, and Scopus), retracted articles are handled with the following permanent measures:

• A formal **Retraction Notice**—detailing the reasons for retraction and citing the investigation findings—is published and assigned its own Crossref DOI, linked bi-directionally to the original article.
• The original article PDF is permanently watermarked with a clear "RETRACTED" designation across all pages, though the document remains accessible in the archive to preserve the historical scholarly record.
• Metadata across indexing databases is updated immediately to reflect the retracted status.